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Programming SQLite in C Tutorial Two

Programming SQLite in C Tutorial Two This instructional exercise is the second in an arrangement on programming SQLite in C. SQLite stores an assortment of tables in a solitary document database, normally finishing off with .db. Each table resembles a spreadsheet, it comprises of various segments and each column has values. In the event that it helps, think about each line just like a struct, with the segments in the table comparing to theâ fields in the struct. A table can have the same number of lines as will fit on a circle. There is a maximum breaking point yet its immense 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 to be exact. A table can have up to 2,000 segments or on the off chance that you recompile the source, you can max it to a wonderful 32,767 segments. The SQLite API To utilize SQLite, we have to make calls to the API. You can discover a prologue to this API on the official Introduction to SQLite C/C Interface site page. Its an assortment of capacities and simple to utilize. To start with, we need a handle to the database. This is of type sqlite3 and is returned by a call to sqlite3_open( filename, **ppDB). From that point onward, we execute the SQL. Lets have a slight deviation first however and make a usable database and a few tables utilizing SQLiteSpy. (See the past instructional exercise for connections to that and the SQLite Database Browser). Occasions and Venues The database about.DB will hold three tables to oversee occasions at a few scenes. These occasions will be gatherings, discos, and shows and will occur at five scenes (alpha, beta, charlie, delta, and reverberation). At the point when you are displaying something like this, it regularly assists with beginning with a spreadsheet. For simplicities purpose, Ill simply store a date not a period. The spreadsheet has three segments: Dates, Venue, Event Type and around ten occasions this way. Dates run from 21st to 30th of June 2013. Presently SQLite has no unequivocal date type, so its simpler and quicker to store it as an int and a similar way that Excel utilizes dates (days since Jan 1, 1900) have int values 41446 to 41455. On the off chance that you put the dates in a spreadsheet, at that point position the date section as a number with 0 decimal spots, it looks something like this: Presently we could store this information in one table and for such a straightforward model, it would presumably be worthy. Anyway great database configuration practice requires some standardization. One of a kind information things like setting type ought to be in its own table and the occasion types (party and so forth) ought to likewise be in one. At last, as we can have different occasion types at numerous scenes, ( a numerous to numerous relationship) we need a third table to hold these. The three tables are: scenes - holds every one of the five venueseventtypes - holds each of the three occasion typesevents - holds the date in addition to setting id in addition to occasion type id. I likewise included a depiction field for this occasion eg Jims Birthday. The initial two tables hold the information types so settings have names alpha to reverberate. Ive included a whole number id too and made a list for that. With the little quantities of scenes (5) and occasion types (3), it should be possible without a record, however with bigger tables, it will get moderate. So any segment that is probably going to be looked on, include a list, ideally number The SQL to make this is: The file on the occasions table has date, id-occasion, the occasion type, and setting. That implies we can question the occasion table for all occasions out on the town, all occasions at a venue,all parties and so on and blends of those, for example, all gatherings at a setting and so on. In the wake of running the SQL make table inquiries, the three tables are made. Note Ive put all that sql in the content document create.sql and it incorporates information for populating a portion of the three tables. In the event that you put ; on the finish of the lines as Ive done in create.sql then you can bunch and execute all the orders in one go. Without the ; you need to show every one to itself. In SQLiteSpy, simply click F9 to run everything. Ive additionally included sql to drop every one of the three tables inside multi-line remarks utilizing/* .. */same as in C. Simply select the three lines and do ctrl F9 to execute the chose text. These orders insertâ the five scenes: Again Ive included remarked out content to purge tables, with the erase from lines. Theres no fix so be cautious with these! Incredibly, with all the information stacked (truly very little) the whole database document on circle is just 7KB. Occasion Data Instead of develop a lot of ten addition proclamations, I utilized Excel to make a .csv document for the occasion information and afterward utilized the SQLite3 order line utility (that accompanies SQLite) and the accompanying orders to import it. Note: Any line with a period (.) prefix is an order. Use .help to see all orders. To run SQL simply type it in with no period prefix. You need to utilize twofold blackslashes \ in the import way for every organizer. Just do the last line after the .import has succeeded. When SQLite3 runs the default separator is a : so it must be changed to a comma before the import. Back to the Code Presently we have a completely populated database, lets compose the C code to run this SQL inquiry which restores a rundown of gatherings, with portrayal, dates and scenes. New to SQL? Peruse What is SQL? This does a join utilizing the idvenue section between the occasions and scenes table so we get the name of the setting not its int idvenue esteem. SQLite C API Functions There are numerous capacities however we just need a bunch. The request for handling is: Open database with sqlite3_open(), exit if have blunder opening it.Prepare the SQL with sqlite3_prepare()Loop utilizing slqite3_step() until no more records(In the circle) process every section with sqlite3_column...Finally call sqlite3_close(db) Theres a discretionary advance in the wake of calling sqlite3_prepare where any went in boundaries are bound however well spare that for a future instructional exercise. So in the program recorded beneath the pseudo code for the significant advances are: The sql returns three qualities so in the event that sqlite3.step() SQLITE_ROW then the qualities are duplicated from the fitting segment types. Ive utilized int and text. I show the date as a number yet don't hesitate to change over it to a date.​ Posting of Example Code

Performance Review Paper Free Essays

Throughout time, plays can talk about shifting kinds of subjects. There are plays which presents the present issues while others decided to depict the life of the past. In the play that I am ready to watch, Greek folklore had been the principle subject ofâ the entire story. We will compose a custom article test on Execution Review Paper or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Greek folklore had been one of the most widely recognized kinds of plays in schools and the preferences. Henceforth, it is unavoidable for the vast majority to contrast various plays and different plays effectively accessible. In any case, the Greek folklore play that I had the option to see was composed by Sarah Ruhl which is an acclaimed dramatist of this period. As referenced Sarah Ruhl is an individual which is profoundly equipped for giving the crowd a keen sort of entertainment.â Ruhl had the option to have a Pulitzer Prize in 2004 and is given consideration in John Lahr’s article in the New Yorker.â Furthermore, Ruhl was given an extremely acceptable audit by the writer. Henceforth, this carries a foundation to the play that I viewed. As an individual who had been keen on plays, I regularly have a desire. For this situation, the desire that I have for the writer is high for Ruhl had given diverse incredible plays which had engaged me and different crowds. After trusting that the exhibition will begin, I am wavering to be energized and to anticipate much from the entire execution. Given that I had the option to realize the great data gave by the article I have perused. Additionally, I proceeded to not so much think about my desires and I floated along with the story. Toward the finish of the play, I have understood that Sarah Ruhl was extremely probably the best author of this age. Given that she decided on a Greek folklore as the fundamental subject of her play she is extremely daring and sure. Henceforth the columnist was valid about his survey of Ruhl. He had the option to give a brief look at what I expected to anticipate from the play. Notwithstanding this,â the character on-screen characters were likewise acceptable at their specialty. I could see the enthusiasm that they have for the parts they were playing. In like manner, the understanding of these on-screen characters are precise yet it was not great. I would need to state that they are immaculate in assuming the job nonetheless, there are tremendously experienced entertainers who had worked admirably in assuming the job. On account of the props, the entirety of the materials were applicable to the story.â The sound of the play just as the lighting is remarkable.â I have seen different plays yet the lighting and the sound really helps in depicting the story. In this manner, at whatever point I see the stage it appeared as though there are shiny glasses covering the stage. In this way, the light had made a grand fantasy that the stage resembles a glass ball loaded up with sparkles allover. At long last, I was not frustrated by the entire play. I have seen different kinds of plays and a large portion of them are just of secondary school quality. The measure of exertion in each line is exceptionally obvious. While the energy of the specialists were available all around that they can. Henceforth, I was unable to state all the more with respect to this play since it is a real show-stopper. The play is extremely great and tasteful and isn't forgettable. Ifâ I were to see another Greek folklore play my gauges had been plainly raised by Ruhl was well as the entire execution of the group. After understanding the entire occasion, it is truly recognizable that each activity which the group had done is sorted out and clean. Consequently, the crowd didn't get occupied by any individual or prop which is off the mark. In this way, I hail Sarah Ruhl and her group for making a grand play which doesn't just enhance the brains of her crowds yet additionally gave a quality play to each one. Instructions to refer to Performance Review Paper, Papers Execution Review Paper Free Essays BOTOX UK LTD PERFORMANCE REVIEW FORM Date of Review †¦17th April 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Period Covered †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Oct 2012 †March 2013†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name of Manager †¦Tessa Thomas†¦ Name of representative †¦Angela Marraner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will compose a custom paper test on Execution Review Paper or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Occupation Role of Employee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Senior Customer Sales Advisor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. It would be ideal if you complete and come back to your line supervisor in any event 7 days before your survey date 1. How would you believe you have performed in the course of the most recent a half year in your job? I feel that my exhibition isn't up to my typical measures, as I have not met my month to month deals focuses throughout the previous a half year. I feel that my hard working attitude despite everything feels predictable and I have still been surpassing my client care targets. I think the absence of deals is because of higher administrator work because of the flood of new starters not certain with the procedures. 2. What do you feel has worked out in a good way in the course of the most recent a half year? I am a great cooperative person and have delighted in the new duty of helping the new starters. This has helped me increment item information and figure out how to prepare. Close by that my client care scores are as yet surpassing and I have effectively kept up great after call work where conceivable. 3. What do you feel has not gone so well? Lamentably in spite of the fact that I have a freshly discovered obligation to help the new starters, my business focuses in the course of the most recent a half year have not fulfilled my standard guideline. I have a great deal of adhoc work from the new starters and there for this is influencing my business targets. 4. If it's not too much trouble survey focuses beneath and clarify purposes behind any objectives not accomplished. Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Actual |? 4,000 |? 5,000 |? 7,,850 |? 3,000 |? 4,000 |? 4,000 | |Achieved |? 2,000 |? 2,500 |? 3,500 |? 1,500 |? 2,000 |? 2,000 | Customer Service Months |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb |March | |Set Target |85% |80% |85% | |Actual |90% |89% |90% |96% |95% | 5. It would be ideal if you feature any preparation or improvement that would profit you in your job or self-improvement. †¢ Delegate out new starters work equitably to senior client counselors Mentoring to chief job/Team Leader job. 6. What is your objective for the following year? My desire for the following a year is to finished my NVQ to turn into a group head inside the office. |Objective |How it will be estimated |Timescale/Review date | |Met/Exceed deals targets |Achieved deals targets will be estimated |Monitored and explored month to month. Generally | |against deals targets set by floor administrator. |review a half year time. |To move in the direction of a Team Leader position by |By keeping a log of any additional duty |6 months to a year | |taking on greater obligation and preparing. |and preparing embraced and checking on what I | |learnt and how I will utilize this going ahead. | |To hit over 90% on client support scores |Achieved scores will be estimated against |Monitored and inspected month to month. Generally speaking | |company client care targets. sur vey in a half year. | 7. Is there something besides what we have talked about as of now that you might want to raise? I might want to see whether I can get backing to finish my nvq to better myself at work. 7. Blueprint concurred activities to defeat any deficiency against targets including such factors as preparing and improvement needs, gear needs or clinical help †††8 Indicate whether an exhibition related reward ought to be made at current rates. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signed: Line Manager †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The most effective method to refer to Performance Review Paper, Papers

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia nervosa is a hazardous dietary problem characterized by a refusal to keep up fifteen percent of an ordinary body weight through self-starvation (NAMI 1). Ninety-five percent of anorexics are ladies between the ages of twelve and eighteen, nonetheless, â€Å"†¦in the previous twenty years, this issue has become a developing risk to secondary school and school students†(Maloney and Kranz 60). Anorexia delivers a huge number of indications, and if not treated, anorexia can prompt perpetual physical harm or passing. Anorexic conduct is intricate on the grounds that it is about the requirement for control. Somebody experiencing anorexia has a twisted self-perception of oneself. He/she accepts to be overweight, despite the fact that 20% of the time he/she isn't (Yancey 59). The picture of being overweight causes a low confidence. Side effects of low confidence are dejection, insufficiency in gifts, an absence of trust in individuals and themselves, uncertainty, recognizable proof with a particular companion gathering, and misery. The media shows the perfect human body as flimsy and delightful. Anorexic’s lives are brimming with disarray and absence of control. To the anorexic, to be slight is to be in charge. The condition of control to the anorexic is the perfect existence without disarray and troubles. As a rule, the anorexic is smart; famous among his/her companions, athletic, skilled, and saw as a good example to the vast majority he/she interacts with. In all actuality, the issues in e very day living are unreasonably hard for the anorexic bringing about an absence of control in his/her life. The anorexic’s answer to a confounding life is to starve the body. The social side effects of the anorexia are tallying calories, eating little nourishment, heating treats for everybody and parting with them in anticipation of controlling not just the anorexic’s admission of his/her nourishment, yet additionally others. â€Å"Playing† with nourishment at supper times is basic conduct of the anorexic. At the point when the supper is finished, the anorexic has masked nourishment consumption by pushing the nourishment around on the plate and concealing nourishment in napkins. To dress in layers to conceal the unmistakable weight reduction and to maintain a strategic distance from social exercises where eating is included are regular conduct side effects. Conduct side effects of the anorexic can go unnoticed by a great many people. These side effects are extr emely clandestine and neglectful of pariahs on the grounds that the conduct isn't strange. Despite the fact that the conduct manifestations of the anore... ...cising, perusing, and building up new kinships are energized when the anorexic’s state of mind ascends to an undesirable level. Willful self-starvation, anorexia nervosa, is genuinely and mentally hazardous. Loss of the muscle versus fat from the serious weight reduction can impede the body by putting weight on the bones from absence of calcium. Drying out can be lethal on the grounds that the body needs the right water balance, and without this appropriate parity, the kidneys can close down. Lack of healthy sustenance can prompt mind harm. Amenorrhea can cause barrenness and put weight on small bones making them inclined to breakage. Amenorrhea can likewise create an obstruction of the regenerative hormone that ensures the body against cardiovascular breakdown and osteoporosis. Serious discouragement in anorexics happens from sadness and disgrace and can prompt self destruction. Despite the fact that the conduct, nourishing, intellectual, relational, and psychotherapy treatment for anorexia is a drawn out procedure, it is vital to the anorexic individual to get treatment, or the physical results and mental o utcomes can prompt lasting harm and once in a while demise. Striking exploration on the treatment of the anorexic proceeds with around the world.

Life As A Senior

Your senior year in high school is supposed to be the best.However this year is turning out to be one big mess.Searching for colleges, taking SATsAll this work, oh come on, please.Why should I study? Why should I try?Will I ever get by?My mom says study, my dad says have fun,But still, my work is not yet done.Where will I go? What will I be?What will ever become of me?No matter where I go, no matter what I find,My memories of high school will never be far behind.

Discrimination on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3782 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Prejudice on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire Physical appearance including skin colour and clothing preference are the basic information that shapes our first impression. These features also initiate our stereotypes and prejudices either in an implicit or explicit way and provide easy categorization. Headscarf as a form of clothing is a way of identifying the woman as Muslim and it helps people to draw lines as ‘us and others’ on a religious and also cultural basis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire" essay for you Create order Due to the visibility of headscarf, women wearing them are under the risk of stereotyping, labeling and stigmatization. As well as this categorization is seen in Muslim and non-Muslims, it is also possible to see the differentiation among Muslims, especially in places where both covered and uncovered Muslim women are located together. Turkey is one of the best suitable countries among the examples of those places. In general, regardless of the segregation of Muslim-non Muslim or among Muslims, Muslim women who wear headscarf are labelled as backward, oppressed, undereducated or as politically manipulated. When dealing with such a conflict like covered/uncovered, the context must be considered. The reasons to be covered, or what those religious attires mean change within time and place (Bhowon Bundhoo, 2016, p. 41). Shirazi and Mishra’s study (2010) highlights the importance of the context. In the study, researchers investigated the semantic versatility of the veil in different cultures, including Saudi, Iranian and Indian and concluded that the veil has no fixed meaning and its meaning depends upon the social context. In literature, there are plenty of investigations regarding the prejudice and discrimination on the basis of wearing a headscarf both in psychology and other disciplines such as sociology and politics. In these investigations, it is possible to see different highlights regarding the content of prejudice towards covered Muslim women. By combining those different contents of prejudices from several resources and regarding the classification of levels of analysis (Doise, 1980), in this article we attempt to classify the common justifications for these prejudices and to explain them regarding social psychology theories. Justifications for Headscarf Prejudice 1. Intraindividual Level of Analyses Individual characteristics. Women with headscarves are commonly labeled as backward, bigot, unattractive, uneducated and such kind of negative characteristics. A study done in England (Mahmud and Swami, 2010) confirms these labels. Results indicate that, women with headscarves are seen more religious but also less physically attractive, popular, sociable, approachable and competent. However, as both Social Identity and Social Dominance Theory emphasize, context must be considered within the examination of such kind of justifications; these labels vary in different occasions. For example, there is evidence that women who wear the Islamic headscarf would receive higher ratings for personal characteristics within Muslim communities. The study of Pasha-Zaidi (2014, p. 11) revealed that in societies in which such attires are accepted, women wearing religious clothings are perceived as more family-oriented, communal and virtuous. Other characteristics such as being more traditional in soci al and gender relationships like being submissive to men are also seen positively in those societies whereas those behaviors are commonly perceived negatively and criticized by Western societies. Another example is that in Bahrain, wearing hijab is seen as a rite of passage to adulthood and associated with positive characteristics such as goodness and morality while women without hijab are considered as less Muslim (Mahfoodh, 2008; as cited in Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 4). The meaning loaded on hijab based on wearing a religious attire in this context can be explained with the arbitrary-set system in Social Dominance Theory. In addition, there may be other factors affecting those labeling. For instance, according to Zempi (2016, p. 3), some special clothings are not investigated well and mainly ignored by researchers. Such under-representations by society in general tend to strengthen the view that women who wear such attires are passive or disengaged. Emphasis on preference. Another point regarding the individual based features is the emphasis on the reasons to wear such kind of religious attires. Mainly, the reasons to cover can be due to personal religious convictions, family pressure, acceptance as a good Muslim, neutralisation of sexuality and protection from male gaze (Bhowon and Bundhoo, 2016). Therefore, the reason cannot emerge as a personal choice each time. Pointing out this rationale, some of the European feminists support headscarf bans because they believe Muslim women do not voluntarily adopt it. As mentioned above, the idea that women with religious attires are submissive to men is usually negatively perceived in Western societies, and also some specific groups with an ideology such as feminists. Overall, the reason behind covering is highly contested site of gender controversy between traditionalists and feminists (Shin, 2015, p. 31). In literature there are plenty of studies showing that women wearing Islamic attire exposed to discrimination in employment settings (King and Ahmad, 2010; Unkelbach, Schneider, Gode and Senft, 2010). Putting in a nutshell, covered women tend to be perceived more negatively and less likely to get the job compared to uncovered women. Indeed, the employers argue that as long as a woman keeps on her headscarf, she should be already declaring a choice to remain outside the visibility norms of large-scale retailing and to work in shops that cater specifically to the Islamic population. (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 151) Prejudices related to individualistic characteristics for sure cannot be justifiable. According to Zempi (2016) the local environment is also a contributing factor to women’s decision to wear the religious garment such as nijab, hijab or headscarf. As mentioned before, if there is a necessity to figure out the reason why the person chose to cover, we cannot search it onl y within the individualistic features. Also, according to Social Identity Theory, when people are categorized into groups, they come to be seen in terms of characteristic group features that define their social identities, while neglecting individual traits which define their uniqueness (Ellemers Haslam, 2012, p. 381). This kind of categorization explains the individual based prejudices towards women with Islamic attire. 2. Interindividual Level of Analyses Headscarf as an identity mark. Before talking about prejudices that can be grouped under this category, it would be appropriate to propose some related study results. Bhowon and Bundhoo (2016) found that, participants who identified themselves as Muslims placed their Muslim identity before their national one. Results also indicate that they all endorse a positive self attitude. These results are not surprising regarding Social Identity Theory. According to Turner (1984), as people define themselves and others as members of the same category, they self-stereotype in relation to the category and tend to see themselves as more alike in terms of the defining attributes of the category (as cited in; van Lange, Kruglanski Higgins, 2012, PAGE EKLE). However, the strong identification of Muslims with their groups is interpreted as a form of self-segregation, the separation of a religious or ethnic group from the rest of society in a state by the group itself. Indeed, along with as being per sonal choice, wearing religious attire emerges as an expression of belonging to the ‘ummah’ (Zempi, 2016, p. 1). Rokeach (1960) alternatively proposed that prejudice is expressed against a person not because of the persons identification with an ethnic or racial group, but rather because the person holds beliefs, or is perceived to hold beliefs that are dissimilar to the prejudiced persons beliefs (Tan and Vera, 1970, p.18). In this context, wearing headscarf is seen as an identity mark. Women with religious attires are perceived as a public expression of having deep religious commitment, therefore as a mark of difference from those whom do not wear it (Zempi, 2016, p. 5). Moreover, by being marked, women wearing headscarf are also being under an examination about the consistency of their appearance and behaviors: How much do they cover? Are their attitudes in line with their headscarves? Are they properly religious? (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 103). As a result, being under examination continuously induces the necessity of being proper, in other words necessity of perfection. From Terror Management Theory perspective, having a religious commitment provides both literal and symbolic immortality. Islamic attire is a form of symbolic immortality by strengthening the group membership and influencing others. However, noticing others with different worldviews signal the possibility that one may be wrong in his/ her belief or his/her worldview is invalid (Çaml?, 2010, p. 4). In this context, religious attire serves as a mark of differentiation between groups and trigger the basic existential anxiety and leads to negative evaluation of out-group members. This negative evaluation can exhibit itself as prejudice. Gender Oppression. From feminist perspective, there is a gender oppression in Islamic lifestyle against women. Accordingly, there should be a gender equality and women shouldn’t have to be under obligation regarding social life, while men can behave in more self-directed manner. Therefore, Islamic attire serves as a legitimacing factor of inequ ality and women with Islamic attire tend to be seen as oppressed from this perspective. The feminist perspective equated the veil with female oppression, subordination and discrimination (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3). The idea of gender oppression is in line with the invariance hypothesis in Social Dominance Theory, suggesting that when everything else is equal there will be a men dominance towards women (Sidanius Pratto, 2012, p. 427). In addition, the feminist ideas also can be explained with hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths in Social Dominance Theory. The inequality between genders depends on pre-existing social norms with respect to interpretation of Islam. 3. Positional Level of Analyses Class-based assumptions. The covered-uncovered conflict led to a view on a hierarchical base regarding the position and status of women with headscarves. The main standpoint is that, women with headscarves occupy a subordinate position in society. The feminist ideas suggesting that there is men oppression to women in Islamic lifestyle gave rise to this point of view. However, if we talk about Turkey, mainly the previous legal obstacles for covered women related with attending universities and working in the public institutions provided roots for this attitude. Although currently there is no legal restriction for women with headscarves about where to study and work, it is still possible to talk about presence of a glass ceiling for those women. If we look at large-scale retail settings as chain stores or shopping malls, we can easily observe that women with religious attires are rarely engaged with these kinds of working places, they are rather engaged with small-scale, individually owned stores, especially in stores selling religious attires (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). The reasons for this situation can be found in large-scale retail settings’ purpose of representing an outlook related with being presentable and fashionable, young urban, middle-class, heterosexual, slim appearance with no hints of ethnic, religious, gendered, bodily particularities (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). In some cases, a ‘negotiation’ comes into point in which the woman is asked to not wear any religious attire in order to get the job, especially high-status ones in private sector. However, this kind of request puts the woman in a hard position because she would raise suspicions about her modesty if she accepted such request. Another point about the class-based assumptions relies on socio-economic statuses. Toprak and Uslu (2009, p. 62) showed that there is a meaningful differentiation among people with different socio-economic statues (SES) to the headscarf issue in Turkey. Accordingly, the positive attitude toward the freedom to wear the headscarf decreases as the SES increases. According to SDT, the combination of high Social Dominance Orientation and high ingroup identification among dominants produces especially strong derogation and against subordinates. Considering that, both employers and people with high socio-economic statuses can be counted in dominant groups, there is a likelihood of them to discriminate and show negative attitude towards subordinate group, women with headscarves. 4. Ideological Level of Analyses Politically manipulated. In order to understand the base of this assumption, first the differentiation between traditional and the modern, urban headscarf referred as turban should be made clear. The traditional headscarf did not always cover the hair completely like the modern turban which had no predecessor in Islamic garment (Kreiser, 2005, p. 456) and assumption is that traditional headscarf is motivated by a conscious Muslim identity whereas turban wearers are seen as a kind of activists or a new social movement (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). Therefore, the preference of turban is generally attributed to some political based reasons and those women who wear turban are assigned with a new kind of identity in which it is represented by turban. As Sayan-Cengiz points out (2016, p. 101) some scholars attribute a novelty to young, urban wearers of the headscarf by also emphasizing that their motivations are contoured by the modern Islamist movement. The rates of political parties in Turkey provide another base for this assumption. There is a great distinction between the followers of other parties and Republican People’s Party supporters, who think in considerably high rates that wearing the headscarf in universities and public offices is contrary to secularism (Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 59). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the attitude toward the headscarf can be shaped by political party preferences. In addition, it is possible to see more robust form of prejudice based on ideological reasons in the Western side of the World. Because of the Anti-Muslim stereotypes in a post-9/11 and 7/7 era, especially Muslim women who wear face veil are stigmatized, criminalized and marked as ‘dangerous’. Hence, the wearing of the face veil is often understood as a practice synonymous with religious fundamentalism and, as such, one which fosters political extremism (Zempi, 2016, p. 1). Against modernization. Modernization theory focuses on the convergence to the Western culture patterns. Accordingly, at the end of the industrialization period, each culture will resemble to Western societies. Therefore, the predominant Western values referred as modern. The main values that are emphasized by Western societies are freedom and personal autonomy. As mentioned before, Islamic attire, especially veil, is seen as a form of accepting predominance of men therefore regarded as opposed to fre edom, equality and personal autonomy. This kind of thinking leads to prejudice and discrimination on a basis of clothing preference. Women with religious attire are commonly labeled as pre-modern and they are seen as a threat to the ideal figure of Westernized citizen of the Turkish Republic (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 101). However, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that by discriminating on a cultural base concerning Western values, those people are actually behaving contradictory. Indeed, Saraoglou et al.’s study showed that people who gave importance to freedom tended to show less negative attitude towards veil (Saroglou, Lamkaddem, Pachterbeke, Buxant, 2009, p. 426). From another perspective, some women with Islamic attire see this kind of clothing as a form of resistance to imposition of Western clothings and they reported that they feel more in control of their bodies in this way (Zempi, 2016, p. 9). Some similar results (Dunkel, Davidson and Qurashi, 2010, p. 63) indicate that women with Islamic attire have a preference for larger body shape, which is against the Western beauty values. Against secularism. In general, secularism which emphasizes the life in the real world rather than the hereafter and other religious or spiritual issues is identified with ‘modernization’. Along with secularism and modernization, the visibility of the headscarf increases and it has caused controversy between some groups of society. Especially secularists’ and feminists’ ideas became inconsistent with the ideas of women with headscarf and their supporters. As mentioned before the headscarf is seen as backward, rural, traditional, and as an indicator of women’s submission. In addition, in the eyes of secularists and feminists, the headscarf is the symbol of backwardness rather than women conscious of their rights and freedoms and demands on this issue carry the threat of radical Islam and a theocratic state. Moreover, men fulfill duties in the public place while women are isolated from outside and are mainly responsible for bringing up children and doi ng daily housework. Therefore, headscarf serves as a symbol of this division of labor and the banning women from public life (Genel Karaosmano?lu, 2006; as cited in Toprak Uslu, p. 52). According to this view, women do not cover their heads based upon personal choice, rather they are forced to do so by Islamist men. According to Ç?nar (2008, p. 907), the headscarf has been declared by the Islamist political elite as â€Å"the symbol of struggle of Islam against secularism† (as cited in Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). This statement represents the situation in a very clear manner. These notions are embedded within the concern that the headscarf is a threat against the achievements of Turkish modernization project, especially with regard to women’s rights. In Turkey, the secular elite as well as women organizations including feminists do not have any sympathy toward women wearing the headscarf and do not promote their welfare or do not support them in getting an education, participating in public life and benefiting from public goods (Seà §kinelgin, 2006; Marshall, 2005; as cited in Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 52) An important point is that, the perceptions towards Muslim women with religious attire may not necessarily be as dichotomous as the debate between secular feminists and Is lamic feminists. El Hamel (2002) found that secular feminists tend to equate the hijab with oppression and subjugation of women, whereas Islamic feminists perceive the hijab as a symbol of freedom from materialism and the imperialism of Western ideals (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3). In summary there are two contrary aspects, on the one hand according to feminism perspective headscarf is a symbol of oppression; and on the other hand, it was said that meaning of headscarf is biased and overstated (Bhowon Bundhoo, 2016 p. 34). Conclusion People use different types of justifications to explain their prejudices. However, none of them is able to legitimate such kind of negative attitudes. Prejudice leads to discrimination and causes problems in social life, especially for disadvantaged group members. In this article, we aimed to group the justifications for headscarf prejudice and it is possible to conclude that the justifications on the basis of wearing Islamic attire considerably vary. On the other hand, there is an outstanding emphasis on the macro level factors such as political and cultural agents. Understanding prejudice with respect to theoretical framework can help us to provide some solutions to reduce them. Regarding the theoretical framework, we believe that Social Dominance Theory is able to explain headscarf controversy in more detailed manner whereas Social Identity Theory is more powerful in terms of its ability to explain various aspects of prejudice. Several suggestions can be argued in order to reduce prejudice. First of all, if people get educated about prejudice, this could help them to be aware of their own prejudices and make self-regulation which might turn into automatic manner eventually (Monteith et al., 2016; as cited in Kite Whitley, 2010, p. 535). Also, the self-awareness could help to question the social norms and how much they actually identify themselves with those norms. However, because prejudices are learned in early years of life, simply getting educated about them might not be enough to control them. In this regard, although it is necessary to get educated no matter what, just relying on individual based solutions would not be realistic. Therefore, as Allport (1954) suggest, institutional support should come to view and authorities need to focus on prejudice issue for finding solutions to reduce them (as cited in Kite Whitley, 2010, p. 537). Also, regarding the prejudice towards women with Islamic attire, em phasizing a shared Muslim identity by disregarding the interpretation differences can reduce prejudice between Muslim groups. References Bhowon, U., Bundhoo, H. (2016). Perceptions and Reasons for Veiling: A Qualitative Study. Psychology and Developing Societies, 28(1), 29–49. doi:10.1177/0971333615622894 Çaml?, ?. (2010). Attitudes Towards Allowance Of Headscarf In The Universities: A Terror Management Theory Perspective. 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