The Growth Of A Country s Economy By David Hume And Adam...

Because inflation is one of the most crucial indexes for citizens and government to evaluate the overall performance of a country’s economy, it has been widely examined and analyzed by economists throughout history. Back in the 18th century, though the term â€Å"inflation† was not adopted by writers focusing on the science of economics yet, two influential thinkers in Europe already included their view about the cause and subsequent effect of a general rise in price for goods in their works. During the period when gold and silver were still the major types of money in circulation, David Hume and Adam Smith both described the ensuing effect in the society of an increase in the money supply: prices would be relatively higher and inflation would occur. While Hume writes mostly on the intermediate situation between the increase of money supply and the rise of price level, Smith focuses on the effect that inflation has on creditors and borrowers. The authors explain the pro cess and effect of inflation in two different ways and hold dissimilar attitude toward inflation. Although they both agree on the increase of species as the cause of inflation, Hume concentrates his investigation on the labor market and claims that inflation benefits the whole society in the short run while Smith considers price inflation from the perspective of finance and maintains that it leads to unfair redistribution of wealth. Even though Hume and Smith wrote at a time when fiat money already appeared as aShow MoreRelatedAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 PagesI. Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. 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Psychology Social Interaction - Click to get a Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about thePsychologyfor Social Interaction. Answer: Introduction Autism is a psychological or neurovascular disorder that is characterized by impaired social interaction, restricted and repeated behavior and impaired verbal and nonverbal communication. The disorder usually arises at a young age. Children with autism need special care and support for leading a normal life. In a learning environment, several kinds of literature have been found to identify a diverse range of issues, while handling autistic patients. The autistic children often show restricted behavior in class, hampering learning process and growth. Several strategies have been implemented for reducing restrictive behavior and cognitive issues of autistic children. They need a continuous support from the educator or care giver for coping with rest of the world. They are literal with who they live and learn, if they get adequate support, as opined by Syriopoulou-Delli et al. They may need support and assistance for social interactions. Based on the information regarding working with t he autistic children in childhood care setting, as a care worker. It has hypothesized that support and reinforcement will be helpful, but punishment will not, for autistic children," in a learning environment. This is the thesis statement and in the following paragraphs, this thesis statement will be focused along with arguments from different relevant kinds of literature, for analyzing the validity of the statement, based on other's opinion. Discussion In my position statement, I will say for the statement hypothesized previously, that, support and reinforcement are helpful, instead of punishment, while handling autistic children.' I am taking this side of the argument, as I have revealed several information for the statement, from the previous literature search, as well as, I have experienced the same, in the child care setting, I work for. I support the fact that educators and care givers experience a lot of difficulties, which can make them irritated and anxious and sometimes, they punish autistic children., especially, due to their restrictive or repetitive behavior, but it is not the correct way, as it makes them more restrictive and frightened Escobedo et al. Moreover, from my perspective, autistic kids are not scary or unlovable, they are just slightly different from the other kids, they need additional support and care, which can promote their cognitive development, instead of punishing them. In a case study by Lagattuta and Drika, mother of an autistic child revealed that punishment or threats of punishment lead to anxiety or related phenomenon, thereby inferring with the cognitive process. She revealed that her son would work towards a reward but will shut down if he fears punishment. Educating and disciplining autistic children are a very important aspect for autistic children. Reinforcement refers to strengthening some activity or argument, in case of behavior, reinforcement is referred to strengthening behavior. It has been revealed that positive reinforcement can promote a particular behavior. Providing reward is a positive reinforcement; for example, Mary usually takes mops the floor, when it is dirty. She observed that, when she cleans the floor, her mother praises her, for her good practice. Thus, in future, when the floor becomes dirty or stained, she takes the initiative to clean the floor, as she felt good when her mom praised her. It has been seen that social reward leads to strengthening Mary's behavior of cleaning the floor when it is dirty. Therefore, from this event, my position statement for the thesis statement is supported that the positive reinforcement is helpful while handling autistic children. In contrast, punishment is referred to delivering some consequences after an undesirable behavior that happens for it to be decreased and eliminated. It has been argued by Wing that positive punishment also has a good effect for making children disciplined, however, most of the evidence are arguing that for autism children love and respect is very important, which can be provided to them through the support and reinforcement, but not through punishments. However, many parents and educators have denied applying positive punishment for shaping their childs behavior, as it has been revealed that positive punishment does not serve for motivating children to correct their behavior. In contrast, negative punishment has been seen to modify a childs behavioral attributes, as the child modifies his or her behavior for gaining the reward. Most of the behaviorists are focusing towards reinforcement, instead of punishment, but punishment is not out of place while dealing with or teaching an autistic child. It has been claimed by Hall that negative punishment works good for autistic children, especially when it is implemented combined with the reinforcement and supportive strategies, because, sometimes it is important for the autistic children to experience harder and negative consequences in a situation; it is difficult to learn about the negative consequences, without going through a punishment. From my perspective, punishment can demotivate the child to adhere with the task given to him. Autistic children are more sensitive compared to normal children. While working at early childhood center, I have experienced a lot of issues with these autistic children, however, I have learned that they admire and follow the person, whoever shows them love and respect, once they feel humiliated, their progress in a task or learning is ceased or hampered. From the viewpoint of Kazdin, the positive behavior support is more than a correct political approach towards behavior management. The author claimed that punishment is ineffective for long run, which can increase aggressive behavior. The priority is to promote positive behavior in children, which cannot be promoted through punishment, as it does not show love toward the child. It is evident that children with autism develop challenging behaviors that become intense with time and difficult to handle and change. Considering this factor, Gena et al. stated that managing the behavioral issue involves the combination of several underlying mental and physical health concerns that needs to be addressed. Educational and behavioral supports are the best possible measures that can be made available to achieve the desirable results of teaching them the skills of self-regulation and replacement. Adoption of the effective strategies can bring out the best out of the child under consideration however, punishment can further degrade the situation (Perry and Andrea). The authors were in favor for the position statement that vouched for support and reinforcement for the autistic children instead of punishment and in this context, positive behavioral support can be the most effective and appropriate approach to the management of the autistic behavior. In response to this, a counter argument was raised by Everard where the author stated that the alternative to of support management of autistic behavior is punishment as it tends to decrease the behavior likelihood by removal of the objects of interest like a toy. The author believe that this will consequently decrease the unpleasant behavior of the autistic children like spanking and yelling. From the contrast of these two kinds of literature, I can make out that while punishment has quicker effects in immediate controlling the behavior of the autistic children, it has proved to be inefficient in the long run and has ultimately increased the hostile attitude of the autistic child. This has been supplemented with additional undesirable behaviors that can eventually strain the relationship that he has with the caregiver (Gebbie et al.). Therefore, it is evident that positive feedback and support can be beneficial in the long run as they have proved to be effective and aid in the maintenance of improvements. Considering the argument from the context of transition time, it is essential for all human beings to move successfully across various activities. It is difficult for the autistic children to shift attention to various activities and tasks or if there are changes in the routine. To explain the strategies to facilitate the successful shift of attention, Kylliinen et al. carried out a research work and demonstrated that the difficulty for the autistic children occurs because of greater requirement of predictability, difficulty in understanding of the forth coming activities and challenges in understanding disrupted behaviors. The authors believe that these difficulties of the autistic children have to be understood with compassion and punishment is not the desirable strategy to handle such difficulties of the autistic children. The authors have suggested transition strategies for supporting the autistic children without hampering their independence and ability for success. To carry on with the argument, Willis stated that punishments are the negative consequences that can let the child know that the behavior is disrupting and unacceptable. A visual timer can be set to measure the duration of effect of the applied punishment and this can set a rule that can be applied for different misbehaviors for better handling of the child. However, my standpoint out of the two kinds of literature is that although punishment can make the child aware of his misconduct, it cannot go deep and make him realize the importance of an appropriate behavior. Therefore, the child might learn what not to do but he will never learn why not to do out of punishment. Conclusion On a concluding note, it can be stated that several things can be done to overcome the challenges faced by the autistic children, however, punishment is not the solution for effective handling of the challenges. Better knowledge about the child can aid to provide better support to the children with autism and punishment can deteriorate the process of improvement and acceptance. References Escobedo, Lizbeth, et al. "MOSOCO: a mobile assistive tool to support children with autism practicing social skills in real-life situations." Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2012. Everard, Margaret P., ed.An Approach to Teaching Autistic Children: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier, 2014. Gebbie, Deborah H., et al. "The role of teacher efficacy in strengthening classroom support for preschool children with disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviors."Early Childhood Education Journal40.1 (2012): 35-46. Gena, Angeliki, et al. "Parent Training for Families With a Child With ASD: A Naturalistic Systemic Behavior Analytic Model."European Journal of Counselling Psychology4.1 (2016). Hall, Laura J. Autism spectrum disorders: From theory to practice. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Kazdin, Alan E. Behavior modification in applied settings. Waveland Press, 2012. Kylliinen, Anneli, et al. "Practical guidelines for studying young children with autism spectrum disorder in psychophysiological experiments."Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders1.4 (2014): 373-386. Lagattuta, Kristin Hansen, and Drika Weller. "Interrelations between theory of mind and morality."Handbook of Moral Development,(2014): 385-407. Perry, Ewan, and Andrea Flood. "Autism Spectrum Disorder And Attachment: A Clinicians Perspective.."Attachment in Intellectual and Developmental Disability: A Clinician's Guide to Practice and Research(2016): 79. Syriopoulou-Delli, Christine K., et al. "Teachers perceptions regarding the management of children with autism spectrum disorders." Journal of autism and developmental disorders 42.5 (2012): 755-768. Willis, Clarissa.Teaching young children with autism spectrum disorder. Gryphon House, Inc., 2015. Wing, Lorna. The Autistic Spectrum: Revised edition. Hachette UK, 2012.

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Research Paper Example

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Paper Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Symbolism is one of the stylistic devices incorporated in literary works. This involves the use of real objects to represent abstract ideas. Symbols in literary works materialize in a variety of ways and can be interpreted into ideas universal in nature than the physical aspect of the object used. In the short story, ‘Girl’, Jamaica Kincaid utilizes the use of symbolism by incorporating tangible items such as the trunk, marbles and Benna, which is effective, in my opinion as it serves the purpose of evoking the reader to consider their significance and creating comprehension of the prevailing human conditions. One of the stylistic devices used in the short story â€Å"girl†, by Jamaica Kincaid, is symbolism. The short story depicts various objects that have been given deeper meaning. One is the trunk belonging to Annie’s mother (Schilb, 55). This object is used by the author to represent the self. When Annie was a young girl, one of her most interesting activities involved perusing through the mother’s trunk. Later on, we find her defining her own self by using the various objects that she found in the trunk. At a tender age, Annie would share the mother’s trunk without limits since the trunk and her very own self were the same (Schilb, 56). The narrative details the mother’s trunk to having come from Dominica. This meant that the trunk seemed to contain the entire family’s history. Later on, when Annie decides to have her personal trunk, this trunk will take the resemblance of her self just like the one that belonged to her mother. This new trunk now symbolizes her new realization of self as it goes to the extent of bearing a label that reads, â€Å"My name is Annie John. The use of trunk to symbolize personality is highly thoughtful. In daily lives, trunks are normally used to putting old personal effects. With this regard, going through a person’s trunk leads to one revealing a lot of history, and hence reveals one’s personality. Another form of symbolism is identified in the Marbles. The initial marbles given to Annie are from her mother after she recovers them from a package of oats. The two marbles are different in color with one being white with blue while the other being white with yellowish brown. Annie takes the blue marble to be symbolic of the ocean and the brown marble to be representative of the landmasses of the earth. Later on, Annie obtains some new marble that symbolize the new world that Annie is attempting to fashion for herself (Kincaid, 56). After receiving the new set of marbles, Annie decides to devote herself to marbles. By this, she gets to win marbles from all the people and collects a sizeable stash. The development of Annie’s marble career goes in hand with shifting in her world as she now spends quality time with the red girl. The red girl is symbolic to the non-socialized order. As Annie plays with the marbles, she gets to see beyond what both her mother and teachers have been teaching her. She now gets to see the original restrictive worldview. There is an instance where we see Annie’s mother furiously searching for her marbles. The real item she is seeking is not the physical marbles but the new world that these marbles have opened up Annie to. The mother is opposed to this new world, as it tends to defy the new social program. Marbles take the shape of crystal balls used by seers in foretelling hidden details. The author is therefore in place when he uses marbles to illustrate how the â€Å"gir l† has attained a new worldview. Milton’s paradise lost is a narrative that â€Å"girl is compelled to take notes as punishment for allegedly blaspheming Christopher Columbus in her history book. The title of the book â€Å"Paradise Lost† is apt. The story narrated in the book is about the fall of Lucifer. The book narrates how Lucifer was plunged into darkness and exile as punishment for challenging God. The problems facing Annie could be identical to the predicament Lucifer was in at the time. Annie is facing a predicament for challenging the authority of her mother and by association of the colonial order although she fears the punishment of being thrown into exile. The title of the book is also symbolic of the predicament that could befall Annie for apparently challenging the colonial authority that deemed it fit in terming Columbus a hero. The idea of exile is representative of Annie’s fear of being left all alone. The title, â€Å"A Lost Paradise†, is apt for Antigua. It is an isla nd with the scenery resembling that of a paradise. It was however transformed into a virtual hell through the settling of the Europeans who introduced slavery in the land. In the short story, the author uses the word Benna to symbolize sexuality. Benna are Antiguan folk songs that are used to symbolize sexuality. Annie’s mother fears that Annie has come across too much knowledge on sexuality for her age. In the native Antiguan culture, the natives used to sing Bennas as a means of passing on scandalous rumors and gossips surreptitiously without the knowledge of the colonialists. Her naivety led her to singing the Benna in church, â€Å"don’t sing Benna in Sunday school; you mustn’t speak to wharf-rat†. The act of singing Benna during Sunday school classes was an act of utter sin and disobedience (Saxton, 45). The Benna contained outlawed information that could not be uttered in public. Making such utterances in a church setting was both disobedience and sinful. Annie was too young to comprehend the relationship between Benna and sexuality as the older people like her mother did, however, the manner in which she protested indicates that she was aware of the seductive meaning behind the Benna, its mystique and its forbidden aspects. The fact that Annie is too adamant and near desperate denials raise the idea that she could have already sung the Benna and worst still, during Sunday school classes with some of her friends. This is an indication that Annie has developed an interest in the opposite sex in addition to a mounting exasperation with the mother’s guidance and incursion into her personal life (Saxton, 45). Food is another object used the short story to symbolize the mother’s belief on the importance of domesticity. There are numerous occasions where the mother emphasizes on food. The knowledge of preparing pumpkin fritters, tea, bread pudding, doukona, and pepper are highly essential as they form a link between the womenfolk and the families. The skills and art behind food preparation act as great legacies of mothers passed down to new generations through their daughters. Some of the foods such as doukona and pepper pot act as objects of placing the story Antigua and the Caribbean. These foods are mentioned by the author to indicate the setting of the story to the reader, instead of using unnecessary descriptions. Clothing in the story is used to indicate the level of respectability. Clothes are closely associated with proper housekeeping in indicating a woman’s character. Annie’s mother emphasizes on the clothing aspects since proper clothing reflects an individual’s character and personality, whereas shabbiness reflected the level of laziness and poverty present in an individual. The activities involved in clothing preparation that include Washing, sewing, and ironing are used as forms of protecting the status held by women in addition to defending the women’s productivity and self-worth (Milne, 45). The neatness and appearance of a woman’s cloth is a reflection of her sexual respectability and morality. The use of clothing in displaying good organization skills and well grooming in women were indications of her competence and control. In addition, these women could never be suspected of having outlawed relationships with other men. Annie’s mother therefore puts a lot of emphasis on the importance of dressing and appearance since she does not want the daughter to fall victim of ridicule and disrespect. Her fears are constantly reflected by the many times she cautions her child from being a â€Å"slut† (Milne, 45). In conclusion, we find that the author has utilized symbolism in the short story, girl. Symbolism in the story takes the form of concrete objects, actions, characters and figures of speech to take on abstract ideas. Concrete objects such as Annie’s trunk are used by the author to represent universal meanings such as Annie’s self. The act of clothing oneself is taken to represent the moral standards of a person especially for the womenfolk in the narrative. The most challenging symbol used in the narrative is the Benna. This is because one requires background knowledge to be acquainted with why the Benna was highly constrained from being used in the church. Works Cited Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl. San Francisco: San Francisco Examiner, 1991. Print. Milne, Ira M. Short Stories for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Short Stories. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Print. Saxton, Ruth. The Girl: Constructions of the Girl in Contemporary Fiction by Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Print. Schilb, John. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. S. l.: Bedford St Martins, 2011. Print.

20 Analytical Essay Topics Urban Economics Points to Use While Writing

20 Analytical Essay Topics Urban Economics Points to Use While Writing If you are tasked with writing a great analytical essay on the topic of urban economics, then you should start off on a great foot by reviewing the potential twenty topics listed below. See if any of these fits within the parameters of your writing assignment and let the creativity flow: The Key Economic Forces Which Drive The Creation and Support of Cities as well as Regional Agglomeration The Theory and Evidence Which Supports the Emergence of Cities Why Location of Workers and Firms is the Part of Core Periphery Model of Urban Economics The Impact That the Emergence of Cities Has on Worker’s Productivity How Manufactured Goods Are Contingent upon Economies of Scale with Amount of Production Limited by Returns The Impact That the Emergence of Cities Has on Urban Amenities How Agricultural Products Rely on Unskilled Labor and Have Set Products Produced at a Rate Constant with the Scale, Reliant upon a Fixed Designation of Land and a Fixed Designation of Unskilled Labor in order to Produce Said Products The Impact That the Emergence of Cities Has On Congestion How the Price for Modern Products is Related to Trade Cost as well as Competition Cost How Imported Products are Priced Higher because of Regional Differences Why Higher Import Costs Result in Lower Local Consumption and Higher Consumption of Non-Imported, Local Items The Symmetric Equilibrium for Symmetric Regions and How Firms Remaining in Their Region Maintain This Equilibrium The Self-Correcting Swap Model for Relocation The Self-Reinforcing Relocation Model The Issues in Measuring Urban Characteristics The Methodologies Used in Measuring Urban Characteristics The Designing of the Most Appropriate Urban Policies Economic Theory and Evidence to Support the Internal City Structures Economic Theory Supporting Urban and Housing Policies, Specifically How They Enhance Urban Living Environments The Role Cities Play in the Development of Aggregate Economics To write a better analytical essay on urban economics, you must surely go through the facts on urban economics together with the writing guide. Of course, writing a good analytical essay about urban economics requires more than just selecting the topic, flicking through some facts, which is why you will find a sample essay below on one of the topics listed above: Analytical Sample Essay: Why Location of Workers and Firms is Part of Core Periphery Model of Urban Economics Urban economics is a vast field whose theories dictate that the location of workers and their firms is directly related to the production of products, competition, costs, and the growth of cities. In theory equilibrium is achieved among all manufacturing firms when each location maintains equal footing in various regions. If there are two distinct regions, the West region and the East region, there could exist three companies manufacturing different product varieties in both the East and the West regions. So long as each company maintains production in a specific region with limited imports into the opposite region, equilibrium can be achieved. The reason for this is that the same employment opportunities exist in both regions for all potential workers. Because of the similar demand and the similar supply the wages available for employees also remains roughly even. When companies in the East want to supply products to the west, they have to pay for transportation costs which are refe rred to as the trade costs. In supplying products to the east to be imported the Western manufacturers have to increase the price of their products to cover the trade cost. If an increase in price for imported products took place, many consumers would purchase if you imported products in exchange for higher numbers of local products. That being said companies in the East can produce local products and consumers will buy imported products from the west at a smaller rate compared to the products that they purchase from local suppliers in the east. With this in mind cities do not grow exponentially, urban landscapes remain roughly the same, and all businesses have the ability to compete within the open market at regular competitive prices and demand , forcing them to focus instead on simply providing a unique variety to similar products. This can be changed when a single manufacturer from the West decide to move the firm, relocating it to the east. When the relocation from the west to the east takes place, production changes, trade cost goes away and demand changes too. When the trade cost goes away consumers are more likely to purchase products from the newly relocated Western company now situated inside of the eastern region. In some cases this will naturally balance out, reverting back to the equilibrium which once existed by way of a similar manufacturing firm located in the east simply moving their production to the west. By doing this the two companies switch places and maintain the same products, profits, and consumer base demand. Of course the alternative to this is that the increased profits now gained by the Western company that recently moved to the eastern region serve as a tantalizing suggestion or opportunity for the other company remaining in the West. As such additional companies in the West can reloc ate to the east, essentially taking all profits away from those local eastern based manufacturers. When things like this take place changes in demographics, larger city development, and grand changes to the economic landscape are inevitable. Again a potential change to this can be the natural swap of the aforementioned companies from the east simply assuming the open opportunity now left in the West. In all cases this serves as a prime example of how production and location influence city development and are imperative to the understanding of urban economics and development. Overall fluctuation in the economic landscape can impact the development of cities, and by extension can impact the development of urban policies and land planning as well as urban living policies. As companies grow and changes take place in the existing workforce, manufacturing landscape, and product availability, subsequent changes have to take place in terms of policy and workers, wages, and products. References Alonso, William.  A Model Of The Urban Land Market. 1960. Print. Arnott, Richard, and Daniel P McMillen.  A Companion To Urban Economics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2006. Print. Harvey, J, and Ernie Jowsey.  Urban Land Economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print. OSullivan, Arthur.  Urban Economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003. Print. Perloff, Harvey S, and Lowdon Wingo.  Issues In Urban Economics. [Baltimore]: Published for Resources for the Future [Washington] by the Johns Hopkins Press, 1968. Print. Rasmussen, David W.  Urban Economics. New York: Harper Row, 1973. Print. Segal, David.  Urban Economics. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin, 1977. Print.

Assessing ELL students Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessing ELL students - Research Paper Example All together, adult ELL students in United States universities speak roughly 400 languages, even though approximately 80% are native speakers of Spanish. Individuals of Asian origin — mainly speakers of Cantonese, Mandarin, Korean and Hmong — account for almost 5% of the size of adult ESL learners in United States universities. While most of these learners are found in prime urban centers, many others reside together in smaller towns. English-language learners (ELLs) are concentrated in six states — California, Arizona, Texas, Florida, New York and Illinois. The English-language learners in those six states make up more than 60% of the ELL population. The United States federal regime’s No Child Left Behind rule of 2001 has created the urge to make legitimate and fair assessments for English-language learners an issue of pressing nationwide concern (Hakuta, 2009). Therefore, institutions have produced frameworks that tend to assist educators, practitioners and test developers, in making appropriate choices on assessment of English language learners in educational content fields. ... This is why university guidelines are so vital: they help teachers assess students’ mastery of content while reducing the role of the learner’s English proficiency in its assessment. The three universities that will be considered are the University of North Carolina, University of Denver and Georgetown University. Part 1: Interview University of North Carolina Freshly enrolled international learners, who are supposed to hand in a TOEFL score, are urged to take the English Proficiency Assessment prior to registering for classes (University of North Carolina, 2013). Students willing to be enrolled must go through some information at their admission letters to check whether they should sit for the exam. The exam is administered just prior to the start of the Spring and Fall semesters. The aim of the English Proficiency Assessment is to recognize those learners who would profit from more English instruction in a program (ENGL 601) created to establish standard United States academic writing conventions. Rooted in the results of the exam, a student might be needed to sit for the ENGL 601 program during his or her first fall semester of admission (University of North Carolina, 2013). A student meets North Carolina University’s English Language Proficiency requirements if they completed Grades 11, as well as 12 English, in succession, as part of two full academic years, in any high school via a state- or provincially-accredited United States curriculum. Also, the student is expected to have attained a grade of 80% or more in a Grade 12 state-examined English program, as part of one full term of education. University of Denver The University of Denver recognizes either the TOEFL or IELTS as

Promoting Reading Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promoting Reading Development - Essay Example The strategy used is highly comprehensive. The other strategy is the use of the use of tests in vocabulary understanding. These tests can be either written or oral (Glasgow and Cheyne, 2010). The written ones can be used to test and improve the ability of the learner to capture English words at a personal level. They also help to improve the spelling ability of the learner. Oral tests can be conducted to help improve the pronunciation of the learner. These oral tests can be carried out in the classroom where each student is given an opportunity to stand in front of the class and spell out English words. For every wrong spelling the learner can be assisted by other learners in the classroom. The other strategy that can be used is the reading out loud of English texts in class. The teacher can come with various English books and distribute them among the students. The books can be of any topic ranging from history to geography and biology. The learners then take turns to read sections of the books out loud in the classroom (Glasgow and Cheyne, 2010). This tests their fluency in reading and helps them in the correct pronunciation of the English words. In addition, the learners also get to improve their vocabulary by learning new words. After the reading out in class, the learners are required to write a report on the book that was read in class (Spiro, 1980). The teacher assesses each report and identifies the level of understanding of each learner. After this, the teacher can then point out each learner’s weakness and give them an assignment of reading a particular book by themselves and submitting another report. The other strategy that can be used is educational video shows in class. These can range from pronunciation shows to just the normal shows. During each show, the learner is required to listen carefully to the conversations. At the end of each show, there can be a set of questions to be answered based

Japanese fiction works are better than Western ones Essay Example for Free

Japanese fiction works are better than Western ones Essay Q:What kind of Japanese fiction works? A:This presentation is mostly about comics and animation produced in Japan, but it covers also TV Shows and movies Topic: Japanese fiction General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade you that Japanese fiction is better than western fiction regarding comics, animation, movies and TV shows Thesis statement: Although Western people see Japan as a calculating land with brutally efficient workers, they are in fact individualistic, expressive and sentimental if we can judge them from their works of fiction who surpass our own in various aspects Introduction: I. How other countries think of Japan II. Thesis statement III. Reminding the meaning of the terms manga and anime Body: I. First argument: Japans tendency to mix various influences from all over the world A.Japan borrows various foreign things and merges them with other elements B.Example regarding religion of Japan C.This tendency in regards to fiction II.Second Argument: How Japanese portray life, human relations, nature and the world in their fiction works A.Human nature is portrayed as it is B.Japans popular culture has a tight closeness to the ordinary, everyday lives of its audience C.Manga on any theme imaginable and toward any age range D.How human relations are portrayed III.Third Argument: Heroes fate after their struggle, death and the morality of the universe in Japanese fiction A.What defines a hero in Japan B.Death in japanese fiction C.View of the universe as amoral IV.Opposition/Refutation A1. Pornographic themes in manga and anime A2. Refutation B1. Japans cultural insularity robs it of relevance for other societies B2. Refutation Conclusion: I. Quote from Antonia Levi If someone will say that Japanese people are imaginative, sentimental, expressive and individualistic might earn him strange glances in most countries of the world. Many Westerners see Japan as a cold, calculating land of ant-like workers with brutal efficiency. Students are seen as oppressed slaves to their studies, pounded down like nails until their imaginations and individuality are crushed, or until they are driven to suicide. Japanese social culture is often seen as blanketed under stifling layers of politeness and formality, characterized by endless bowing. However, underneath all these there is the hidden Japanese soul. Almost all of the Japanese escape from reality through fiction works. These domestically created fiction works be it comics, animation, movies or TV shows enjoy great popularity not only in Japan but also in many countries of the world. Therefore, because these specific works are strikingly different from what were used to here in the Western world, it is inevitable to compare these two: the Western fiction works and the Japanese ones. Hello, everybody, my name is I will talk to you about Japanese fiction works and I will compare them to Western ones so as to enforce my opinion and persuade you of course, that Japanese fiction is better than Western fiction. Before starting, I want to make you acquainted with two terms. Manga, which is used to refer to the Japanese comics and anime, which refers to the Japanese animation. As a first argument, I have to inform you that Japan has the tendency to borrow various foreign things and to tinker with them, merging them with native or other elements so that they become something new and often quite distinct from the original. As an example, regarding religion, Taoism was the original religion of Japan but this didnt stop Japanese people from accepting Buddhism as well, and even acquiring some aspects of other religions in addition, like Christianity. In works of fiction this tendency of the Japanese means new and non-static entertainment through mixing different influences from around the world without having to suffice only to the myths and the influences of their own country. For my second argument supporting Japanese fiction, I want to inform you about the way Japanese portray life, human relations, nature and the world in their fiction works. The world and human nature in Japans pop culture can be portrayed as they are, not as they should be. This allows Son Goku, Dragonballs raised in the wild, central character, to be drawn naked, without the private parts-covering fig leaf that had to be added for American TV. It allows as well, the darker side of life to be portrayed. In an episode of Naniwa Kin Yudo, which is an anime TV series, the protagonist Haibara encourages the girlfriend of a customer, who cannot repay his loan, to work as a prostitute to cover her boyfriends debt. Scenes such as this can be disturbing but they are part of life and are neither denied nor hidden. Kazuhiko Torishima, editor of Japans best-selling comic magazine Shonen Jump states: I feel sorry for U.S. kids, who live in an adult-filtered Disney world. Moreover, Japans popular culture has a tight closeness to the ordinary, everyday lives of its audience. American comic artist Brian Stelfreeze has said: Comics in the U.S. have become such a caricature. You have to have incredible people doing incredible things, but in Japan it seems like the most popular comics are the ones of normal people doing normal things. Part of the normalcy is that the characters that populate Japans manga, anime and TV dramas display plenty of character flaws and weaknesses along with their strengths and good points. Furthermore, as Ian Reader, a scholar of Japanese religions and popular culture, has noted: Manga are simply too fascinating, colorful and rich a literary medium to be left solely to children. In Japan one can find manga on any theme imaginable and toward any age range. which is certainly not the case with American comic books. In addition, Timothy Craig which is an author, writes in his book entitled Japan Pop! that, human relations are a pervasive topic in Japanese pop culture, as one would expect from a society that places great importance on the group, harmony, and the smooth management of conflict. Human relations are also portrayed with a sophistication that does justice to the complexity of human affairs. Issues are many-sided, emotions are mixed, solutions are neither easy nor obvious, and outcomes are often ambiguous not unlike real life. He continues by saying that, in Japanese fiction the human characters are more real. They  exhibit a fuller range of human emotions and are put into more realistic situations, sometimes with unpleasant outcomes, than allowed by Disneys perfectly preserved, stiflingly safe fairytale-based storylines. For my last argument I will talk about heroes fate after their struggle, about death and the morality of the universe and therefore god, in Japanese fiction. We here in the Western world, are used to good being only good and be rewarded in the end and evil being only evil and be punished in most of the cases. This is not the case in Japanese culture. Its not unknown in Japan for heroes to become villains and vice versa. Moreover, the Japanese hero is defined by motivation than in the West where heroism is more dependent on result. The ideal Japanese hero is not only self-sacrificing, but also unconcerned with personal gain or survival. The heros willingness to give his or her all to it is what counts. Winning doesnt matter either. Losing and gaining nothing confirms the heros altruism and renders his or her sacrifice all the more tragic. Many characters also, meet meaningless, undeserved ends. And fans love that aspect, the fact that bad things, even death, can happen to any characte r at any time. It doesnt matter how brave, how good, or even how popular they are. According to my opinion, this fact is absolutely in accordance to how our own world works. Death and bad things generally, can be around the corner for any person, no matter how kind or good-willed he or she is. According to a book by author Antonia Levi titled Understanding Japanese Animation that doesnt happen on American TV where virtue is rewarded and evil is punished. Thats mainly because America is a Christian culture that believes that the universe is, or it should be, a moral place. The Japanese peoples take on this is that universe is amoral. Shinto as well, has no moral code at all! It simply celebrates life. Heroism and self-sacrifice may define a japanese character as a hero, but they will not save him or her. The universe simply doesnt care. On the opposing side now and regarding manga and anime specifically, some of you may have noticed and may say that a lot of these works have pornographic themes. Wrong. According to the author of the book Understanding Japanese Animation these works are actually a very small portion of the total production of Japan in manga and anime that is disproportionately exported  to the Western world. Another opposition stated by quite a few people, expresses that Japan is a one-dimensional economic power marked by a cultural insularity that robs it of relevance for other societies. Wrong again. The success and presence of Japans cultural exports in countries apart from Asian ones such as U.S.A, Canada and most of the European countries is strong evidence that Japans culture does have relevance for other societies. To conclude, and quote author Antonia Levi, its not just that Japans pop culture deals with dilemmas in a more realistic fashion, or that it raises issues considered taboo in other countries. Its willingness to show death and other bad stuff restores a kind of tension, a genuine dramatic emotionality that Hollywood and TV seem to have forgotten about. Bibliography: Clements, Jonathan and Helen McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 Stone Bridge Press, 2001. Craig, Timothy. Japan Pop: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture East Gate, 2000. Levi, Antonia. Samurai from Outer Space: Understanding Japanese Animation Carus Publishing, 1998. Patten, Fred. Anime Stereotypes. Newtype, Issue Dec.2003 A.D.Vision Publications. For my third argument supporting my opinion, I will talk about the presence of female heroes in Japanese fiction. In the Western world apart from such exceptions as Wonder Woman, She-ra and Xena the role of superhero has traditionally been reserved for males, and targeted a predominantly male audience especially in comic books. This is not the case with Japanese  fiction. Japanese dont neglect females be it on the starring roles of their fiction works or as a target group audience. In manga specifically, there exists a separate genre called shoujo manga with many sub-genres itself, which raises issues and has stories related and devoted to women. The presence of females as featured heroes in manga, animation and TV shows has been much stronger in Japan than in the western world. As the book Japan Pop specifically reports: in Japan girl heroes are now as common and popular as boy heroes. The reasons for this are complex and, while hardly due to a greater feminist consciousness in Japanese society, are clearly linked to the increase in recent years of female artists.